The concept of “terror” (lat. word. terror – fear, terror) in the Persian-Tajik language is called “haros” or “dahshat”. The terms “terror” and “terrorism” were first used by the Jacobins during the French Revolution of 1793-1797, but there is doubts believed that this word is a modified form of the Arabic word “tarrar” (طرار).
In the culture of the Tajik language, terror means bandit and murderer, robbery and thief, and allegorically means crafty and spy and cheat [4,].
Perhaps the Europeans took the word the meaning of terrible and bloodshed “tarror” from the word “tarror”
The words “terrorism”, “terrorist”, “terrorist act” are derivatives of the English language (terrorism, terrorist, act of terrorism).
In their basic meaning, all of them are related to terrorism as a policy of intimidation. But here are the differences.
First of all, the subject of terrorist activity, that is, a terrorist, as a rule, is not a state, but an organization that aims to gain power, destabilize society, push people to revolution, enter war, etc.
Sometimes “terror” is interpreted as illegal violence by the state against society in general or against dissidents and opponents, but “terrorism” is the practice of illegal violence has been carried out by anti-state forces and organizations.
Experts disagree on the time of the emergence of terrorism and on the evaluation of the events of the distant past in terms of modern terms [2,].
They equate all political killings with terrorism and therefore trace the roots of terrorism back to ancient times.
Based on the above. А. A. Korolev believes that “as early as three hundred and forty years before our era, the father of Alexander the Great was killed in a terrorist attack”.
Walter Lacker notes that the word “terrorism” did not originally have a modern meaning.
Indeed, terrorism in primitive societies served the purpose of capturing cattle and later became part of military operations carried out by several organizations.
U. Lanker considers the Jewish organization Sikari (“Khayarh”) to be one of the first terrorist groups that operated in Judea in the 1st century AD.
French historian M. Ferro elevates terrorism to the unique Islamic tradition of Hashashaini, which took place in the 11th-12th centuries.
N. Neimark traces the emergence of modern terrorism to the post-Napoleonic reconstruction period.
I. Alexander, and V. Chalikova and others consider terrorism a phenomenon of the late 20th century [3,].
A classic example of a medieval terrorist organization that significantly developed the art of covert warfare, subversive actions, and violent means is the Hashashain, who around 1090 led by Hasan ibn Sabbah captured the Alamut fortress in a mountain valley north of Hamadan.
Subsequently, acts of terrorism were used by states to gain maritime supremacy.
Piracy had become a form of terrorism.
In the history of the XVI-XVII centuries, one can find many stories about famous sea pirates, some of whom were in the service of states, kings, and prime ministers.
The state coffers were filled with the help of bandits.
This led to piracy becoming a legal practice and a variant of state terrorism in the Middle Ages.
In this way, a country would carry out terrorist acts against the ships of another country without declaring war.
In the new era, the first mass terrorist attack is related to the French Revolution (1793 – 1794), by term of “reign of terror”.
There was opposition from both sides, and in addition, the opposition of the external enemy was observed throughout this period.
Therefore, a series of terrorist operations took place inside the country, in which a large number of people were killed.
History has never known more murders in such a short period of time.
Everyone knows well that terrorism is not related to any national or religious basis.
It is directed against the existing government, with the aim of allegedly changing its position on certain problems, as happened in the Middle East: the region had become a battleground between the two largest powers – the USA and the USSR.
The damage caused to the Palestinians as a result of the wars of 1947, 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973 was very great [2,].
Of course, these terrible events will never be erased from the pages of human history.
Political scientists distinguish four global types of terrorism of the new and modern times [1]:
1. The spread of revolutionary ideas in Russia, Europe and North America in the 1980s;
2. Anti-colonial and national movements – libertarianism of the 20th century;
3. Activity of “New Left” groups in 1970;
4. Globalization, which began in the late 1970s and continues to this day (including modern religious terrorism). Researchers note that most terrorist attacks have taken place in countries where the majority of the population is Muslim.
Six of the seven dangerous terrorist groups are linked to Al-Qaeda, which even formed its own state under the name of ISIS (ISIS).
The capital of the unrecognized extremist state was the city of Raqqa. about 40-50 thousand warriors of different nationalities lived there.
All the international community has assessed terrorism as an act dangerous to society and is fighting it relentlessly.
The Republic of Tajikistan, as an inseparable member of the international community, is fighting against this plague of the century. It should be noted that on April 21, 1997, the decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan “On strong measures to fight against terrorism” was issued.
A number of laws and strategies on the fight against terrorism have been adopted in the Republic of Tajikistan.
Including the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Struggle Terrorism”;
Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On resistance to legalization of proceeds of crime and financing of terrorism”;
Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Security”;
Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Struggle Organized Crime”;
The Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Struggle Extremism” and the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Struggle Terrorism” were adopted.
The Founder of National Peace and Unity, the Leader of the Nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon approved the strategy of resistance to extremism and terrorism in the Republic of Tajikistan for the years 2021-2025 and did the action plan for its implementation by his order dated June 1, 2021 under No. 187 did.
The President of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Honorable Leader of the Nation, Emomali Rahmon, in all his speeches, emphasizes the people of the country, especially the youth, to beware of this global danger.
In their speeches, the leader of the nation especially notes that “Terrorism has no homeland, language, race, religion and sect.”
Terrorism and extremism are considered to be the greatest danger of the modern world and require every member of the society not to lose their political intelligence and to distance themselves from any extremist groups and organizations that appear under the guise of religion.
Nоzimov S. S., the Head of the Department of History and Sociology of the Pedagogical College named after Khosiyat Makhsumova TSPU named after Sadriddin Aini, PHD in law,
Karamatulloi U., аssistant of the Department of History and Sociology,
